
Our Marden garden
has various areas of shade. The whole
garden faces generally North East and is on two main levels, down steps from
the sunny patio to the larger part of the garden which is bounded by quite tall,
mainly native hedgerow trees and shrubs.
It then slopes very gently away towards our riverbank. Being lower down it has always seemed
reasonably sheltered by its one boundary wall nearest the house, and the trees
and shrubs along the two sides. We also
like to encourage wildlife to the garden, so most areas are a mix of cultivated
and native wild plants.

We’ve been here 14
years but it’s really only since the first lockdown that we’ve begun to get to
grips with which plants have half a chance of surviving in the different areas. I used to waste more money than I want to
admit to by buying plants I loved the look of, then placed where I thought they
might look good, not realising that I was not remotely taking their light-level
or any other preferences into account. I’ve
also discovered that there are different types of shade. Unexpectedly, fairly near the river we have
an area of dryish shade. That’s under
the cover of our very mature weeping willow and has some of its roots going
through it, but it’s a dryer area mainly because the neighbours have a couple
of tall conifers which do tend to take everything out of the soil beneath them
including any moisture.
It’s the larger,
lower part of the garden where we have to consider the shade tolerance of the
plants we choose. Although most areas
get varying amounts of sun throughout the day we do have one small corner which
never gets any sun shining onto it and is very clay-ey. We think there must be an underground spring
there too as it Never dries out completely.
During this year’s (2022) drought I thought I could catch a chance to
work in that area without getting clods of mud attached to my shoes – I was
wrong!
During the first
lockdown, when the sun made it easy to see the shadowed areas I began to note
how much sun and shade different areas of the garden got at different times of
the day. I found that the large area
under the spread of our huge weeping willow actually gets quite a lot of sun over
winter and up to late spring since then the tree is either bare or only in leaf
bud. That same sun dapples as the tree gradually leafs up. All that sun helps things develop and grow,
especially the early flowerers. It seems
to give the other plants a good start before the tree eventually reaches full
leaf and casts its shade, which even then is surprisingly not total.
It’s the side of the
garden that faces North-West that is most affected by shade. I’ll concentrate on the plants that grow well
in the areas of shade on that side. On
occasion I’ll also mention specific things that haven’t worked out even though
they were planted where we expected them to thrive.
Wild area
The main wild area
is under the weeping willow. There used
to be lawn under the tree, but one year field voles burrowed extensively underneath. Trying to repair didn’t work so we decided to
try letting it go wild. Then I discovered that firstly a wild area needs some help
and a bit of control from certain things, and secondly because it’s a shady
area I needed to look for wild plants that will tolerate that.
One plant that found
its own way under here, probably courtesy of the birds, is wild strawberry,
luckily the flavoursome variety Fragaria
vesca. There are other kinds that
are barren or not good eating. It has
now covered half the area under the willow tree and makes a lovely “sweetie”
treat for the grandchildren to pick and eat.
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| Camassia blue |
Once on a walk in a
shady avenue I spotted a lovely blue bulb flower growing beneath the trees which
turned out to be
Camassia/Quamash,
there are white ones too. I tried with
just a few of each at first which have just begun to multiply and since they do
well have added more for next year. There
were always naturalised snowdrops in that area, but the voles obviously had a
goodly feast on those. They are
beginning to re-multiply again and we have begun to be able to spread them
around the area, and into other parts of the garden that had none. We’ve also been trying English bluebells
under there, they are slow to take off but seem to be holding their own. We tried just a very few martagon lily bulbs
a few years back, not cheap but gorgeous. They return nicely so we’ve added a few more
of those and the originals are just beginning to multiply. At the base of the willow tree we have
greater stitchwort,
Stellaria holostea,
which has taken off beautifully and at the second year of flowering filled the
area with little white stars. I had
mixed messages about sun and shade for hedge bedstraw,
Galium mollugo, but although it’s taken longer than the stitchwort
it’s held on and begun to spread.
Hesperis matronalis, common names dame’s
violet or sweet rocket, is gradually getting stronger and beginning to seed
itself about. It’s not a violet at all, but
a tall herbaceous plant and beautifully scented. A small
Hypericum
from the St John’s wort family has been seeded in there, as has some honesty,
Lunaria annua, presumably the birds
again; forget me nots,
Myosotis
family, will seed anywhere given half a chance, there will still be plenty even
after clearing some so that they don’t take over. I put in some wood cranesbill -
Geranium sylvaticum, and bloody
cranesbill –
Geranium sanguineum. They needed looking after for the first year
so that they didn’t get smothered, accidentally dug up or otherwise demised,
but they’re slowly getting stronger. I
used some cheap bright coloured lollipop sticks from The Works to mark where
they are which of course will just rot into the ground gradually until they’re
no longer required. There are a few cowslips,
Primula veris, gradually spreading
around the edges. We also have umbellifers
wild angelica –
Angelica sylvestris (quite
statuesque) and sweet cicely –
Myrrhis
odorata, (lovely scent from the leaves if you squeeze them) which are now
beginning to seed about, these may need some judicious control as they create a
lot of shade for anything under them.
Burdock,
Arctium, also grows
in there. I have to say, because it’s so
huge for the area and so many catchy seeds, I’ve taken to picking the best one,
letting that grow and pull up the rest.
Near an edge there is some yarrow –
Achillea
millefolium, ox-eye daisy –
Leucanthemum
vulgare; corn marigold –
Chrysanthemum
segetum; and purple toadflax –
Linaria
purpurea. A couple of things I might
need to watch out for are hemp agrimony –
Eupatorium
cannabinum, and green alkanet –
Pentaglottis
sempervirens, both could possibly take over rather as they have masses of
seeds. I do try to leave as many seeds
in situ for the wildlife, but will probably also have to dispose of some. Lastly there are some wild daffodils in there
which were planted in the green the year before last and gave a good show this
spring for the small number I tried. I’d
never really thought before about daffs being able to take shade, but they
jolly well can, and not just the wild ones!
Things that haven’t
worked in that area are wild anemones – Anemone
nemorosa. I saw them carpeted in a
woodland in the South of the county amongst bluebells – stars in a sky,
gorgeous. Not for me though. Also use of bee-bombs didn’t work, perhaps
they only really work in sunny sites.
This particular area
of the garden has provided a place to stop for a while for at least one slowworm
– my friend found its sloughed skin in there.
The occasional newt has been found there too. And most recently we have had roe deer
sheltering from the sun under there from time to time. In summer we spotted a family of
tree-creepers, parents showing fledglings how to creep trees around the trunk
of the weeping willow.
Shady Border
This bed is shaded
from one side by the weeping willow, and from the other side by the neighbour’s
boundary trees and shrubs. It faces North-West,
so when the willow is bare and only just in bud it does get some dappled winter
and spring sun from the West while it’s high enough. It starts at the river’s edge with some Fritillaria meleagris, snakeshead
fritillaries; and meadowsweet, Filipendula
ulmaria, the flowers of which have a rather almondy scent.
The next section was
once a rockery that really didn’t work well there for us.
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Hart’s-tongue fern (Asplenium scolopendrium) |
It now it has a few ferns in. In some cases I don’t know the
common name for them. We have a hart’s-tongue
fern –
Asplenium scolopendrium; a
Dryopteris filix mas “Linearis
Polydactyla” a particularly ferny looking fern…; another long name
Athyrium felix femina frizelliae –
tatting fern; and a royal fern,
Osmunda
regalis. The last one was put in new
last autumn and of course this year’s drought saw it struggle, then something,
probably deer, has chewed the tops off what little was hanging in there, so we
wait to see if that survives for next year.
The ferns surround a
Thalictrum
delavayi – meadow rue. There is an
Anthriscus sylvestris “Ravenswing” an
almost black leaved cow parlsey with pale pinky flowers; some
Cyclamen hederifolium that survived
being dug up and returned when we worked on the area. There are a couple of
Astrantia, masterwort – variety names forgotten; some white
cranesbills –
Geranium sanguineum alba;
also some white
Narcissus “Thalia”
bargain £2.75 for 10 from jolly old Sainsbo’s, some crocus that seem to have
popped up after the initial clearing of the area, and finally a little plant
called
Alchemilla conjuncta. That’s like a miniature version of
Alchemilla mollis, though its leaves are
smooth, and with a lovely silvered edge. I thought they’d spread faster like their
larger cousin but they are doing fine, and gradually enlarging to edge that
area.
I’m gradually
increasing the number and variety of hellebores in the bigger main part of this
border as they seem to do very well here, and their blooms give such a lift
that we can see as we open our curtains on wintry mornings in the early part of
the year. It was here that I discovered
that Astrantia do well in shade. This area has lots of primroses – Primula vulgaris and violets, various
types of Viola that have always been
there and continue to spread themselves, sometimes with a little help. There’s Pulmonaria
officinalis - lungwort that we reduced considerably and is just beginning
to spread a little again. Their pale
spots give a lift in the shade. There
are a few more martagon lilies here, and I’ve added some new Cyclamen hederifolium in the hope
they’ll spread a little too. Also 3
different Tiarella which are all OK
after a few years, but one does noticeably better than the other two – labels
lost though. There is another cranesbill
– Geranium phaeum “Samobor” which has
small dark flowers on quite tall stems. Another Sainsbury’s bargain a couple of
Dicentra spectabilis – roots came in
a little box. We have a new-ish golden
leaved Caryopteris – it grows well,
but it hasn’t flowered so I may need to move it. We also put various Aquilegias in here which seem to like it and I’m just allowing them
to seed around in hope they’ll increase a bit.
New things planted are two Epimediums
- barrenwort, a white one and one with red edged flowers. I’d still like one called Amber Queen. They went in just after their usual flowering
period and are doing well considering the amount of dry weather we were still
having after planting. Looking forward
to those for next year. We’ve also added
a few Erythroniums, dog’s tooth
violets – another violet name but not actually a violet and not even violet
coloured, I have white and yellow. Their
flowers look a little like small lilies to me.
We’re also trying some Fritillaria
imperialis too, RHS says full sun for them, but I have seen other
information that hints that they can take some shade and actually saw them in a
shady area in a Yorkshire garden we visited.
Their bulbs don’t ‘alf pen-and-ink though! Sorry cockney roots coming out.
Things that didn’t
like this area even though information said they should were Primula japonica “Miller’s crimson”
(millers in my ancestry) and Gaura -
beeblossom.
Between this and the
next area is the compost bin where we regularly find a toad, usually on top of
the compost when we lift the lid of the bin, or sometimes in there we’ll find a
little wood-mouse enjoying my peelings.
They don’t disappear so fast as they used to when we lift the lid. They must have got the idea that I might be
bringing another little treat.
Eeyore’s Gloomy Place
Now we come to the
bed that gets the least sun. It’s a North
facing corner that mostly gets no sun at all.
There’s a wall behind it, so the morning sun from the East is totally
blocked by that. At least the sun behind
the wall warms the wall a little and provides some shelter from the cold. Only in the very height of summer does the
end furthest from the house get the briefest spell of afternoon sun. As I mentioned before this bed is permanently
damp with the end nearest the house tucked in a corner of the walls never
drying out even during this year’s drought.
So anything stipulating well-drained soil is out.
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| Primula capitata subsp. mooreana |
In the glimmer of
summer sun end we have Leucanthemum
superbum (what a name, can’t help reading it wrong!), shasta daisy. Last year some Chionodoxa happily popped up there out of nowhere, so we added some
more to keep them company. I’m trying a Primula capitata mooreana there, a blue
flowered variety. It’s still flowering
now, though it should flower March to May, strange year. It seems to have made more baby rosettes, so
hopefully those will flower next year. There’s
a baby rose plant, a cutting from one of next door’s that always grows up and
over a 6’ fence. I’ve given it an
obelisk to grow up and figure once it grows up high enough it will find more
sun for itself. It will be red, I have
no idea of the variety. We recently
added two new Astrantias – “Rome” and
“Florence”. Another cutting from next door, a Pyracantha to begin to help clothe the
lower part of the wall. And one more
cutting from next door, a Forsythia
which I took some years ago. RHS says it
flowers poorly in shade and in permanently damp soil, we haven’t found that,
it’s usually smothered. Under that is a Dicentra formosana, a smaller, smoother
deep magenta flowered version which seems pretty reliable with a good flowering
season.
Moving to the very dark,
dank corner Vinca minor atropurpurea,
a small purple periwinkle is beginning to spread at the back of this area. Fairly central we have a small Araucaria araucana, monkey puzzle tree
which will grow up in this area. The
neighbour took down some conifers which reduced privacy on that side, but gave
more light to our garden. We went for
the monkey puzzle to eventually detract a little from the empty space in that
corner, but not take away too much light again because of its open form. In front of that we have a curved row of
little box plants – Buxus sempervirens,
which we want to keep small as an edging here.
They appreciate the full shade of this area. Behind the box plants and left and right of
the monkey puzzle are two Brunneras,
one is dark green leaved and the other has silvery leaves. Also behind the little box plants and under
the monkey puzzle more cowslips are really going for it now, a bird must have
planted the original one of those a few years ago too, it does seem that they
are expert gardeners. Right in the back
corner of this area is an unnamed fern that has always grown here, I think it
might be from the Dryopteris
family. Centre back are more Pulmonaria, they can rather take over,
so we remove some leaving the ones with the best pale spots on them to show up
in the darkest corner. Here we tried a
few Leucojum, snowflakes, rather like
very tall snowdrops. They did very well
so we added more, and some of the first have started making small clumps to
increase themselves. The wall here is clothed in ivy. We keep part of it flat-ish to the wall, not
too strict, and leave an area with all its winter flowers and berries for any
insects and birds that need food or shelter in the harsh season. Also in the darkest wettest corner we have a new
Clematis “Elizabeth”, a gift for my summer
birthday this year, which is absolutely romping away up the ivy wall, it will
definitely get itself some sun up the top there. Looking forward to seeing that flower next
year. As we begin to move out of that
area towards the next glimmer of sun there is a clump of Aster Divaricatus “Beth Chatto”, white wood aster. It’s quite happy in the shade, but we had
tried it in the more well drained shady area which it was supposed to like,
however it was failing there and it’s much happier and flourishing in the edges
of the area that doesn’t ever dry out.
- Lizzie Baker
Books that regularly help me
The Royal
Horticultural Society What Plant Where Encyclopedia. Dorling Kindersley; 2013.
Chatto, Beth, The Shade Garden – Shade loving plants for
year round interest. Cassell
Illustrated, 2005.
Rose, Francis. The Wild Flower Key – How to identify wild
flowers trees and shrubs in Britain and Ireland, revised and updated by Clare
O’Reilly. Frederick Warne, 2006.
Fletcher, Neil. Pocket Nature Wildflowers. Dorling Kindersley, 2010.